PHY6937

Welcome to Phy 6937 Superconductivity and superfluidity

PHY6937 is a one semester advanced graduate level course. Its aim is to introduce concepts and theoretical techniques for the description of superconductors and superfluids. This course is a natural continuation of the "many-body" course PHY5670 and will build on the logical framework introduced therein, i.e. broken symmetry and adiabatic continuity. The course will cover a range of topics, such as the connection between the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau and the microscpic BCS theory, Migdal-Eliashberg treatment of phonon mediated superconductivity, unconventional superconductivity, superfluidity in He-4 and He-3, and Kosterlitz-Thouless theory of two dimensional superfluids.

The key component of the course is the collaborative student contribution to the course Wiki-textbook. Each team of students is responsible for BOTH writing the assigned chapter AND editing chapters of others.

Team assignments: Spring 2011 student teams

---

Outline of the course:

Pairing Hamiltonian and BCS instability

To see the origins of superconductivity, it is helpful to look at a toy system, which we already know will give us superconducting behavior. This is useful because the toy system is only a simple change to a non-interacting electron gas. By adding in some small attractive interaction, we will arrive at a superconducting system! This interaction need only occur between two electrons occupying the same position in space (and necessarily having opposite spin!). Additionally, we still find the interesting behaviour regardless of the size of the interaction; the only requirement is that it be non-zero!

We can write the Hamiltonian of the system as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H=\sum_\vec{r}[\psi_\sigma^\dagger (\vec{r})(\epsilon_\vec{p}-\mu)\psi_\sigma^\dagger (\vec{r}) +g\psi_\uparrow^\dagger (\vec{r})\psi_\downarrow^\dagger (\vec{r})\psi_\downarrow (\vec{r})\psi_\uparrow (\vec{r})]}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ g<0} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ |g|<<\epsilon_{F}} .

For this system, the partition function is:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=\int D[\psi_\sigma ^{*} (\tau, \vec{r}), \psi_\sigma (\tau, \vec{r})]e^{-S_{BCS}}}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS}=\int_0^\beta d\tau \sum_\vec{r}[\psi_\sigma^\dagger (\tau, \vec{r})(\partial _\tau+\epsilon_\vec{p}-\mu)\psi_\sigma^\dagger (\vec{r}) +g\psi_\uparrow^\dagger (\vec{r})\psi_\downarrow^\dagger (\vec{r})\psi_\downarrow (\vec{r})\psi_\uparrow (\vec{r})]}

It doesn't matter to multiply partition function by a constant:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z\rightarrow Z=\int D[\psi_\sigma ^{*} (\tau, \vec{r}), \psi_\sigma (\tau, \vec{r})] D[\Delta^{*}(\tau, \vec{r}),\Delta (\tau, \vec{r})] e^{-S_{BCS}-S_{\Delta}}}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_\Delta=-\int_0^\beta d\tau\sum_{\vec{r}}\frac{1}{g}\Delta^*(\tau,\vec{r})\Delta(\tau,\vec{r})}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi^\dagger} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \psi} are grassmann numbers. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Delta^*} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Delta} are constant. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi_\uparrow\psi_\downarrow} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi_\downarrow\psi_\uparrow} behave like constant.

Let's make a shift of the constant:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta \rightarrow \Delta+g\psi_\uparrow\psi_\downarrow}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta^*\rightarrow \Delta^*+g\psi^\dagger_\downarrow\psi^\dagger_\uparrow}

Then, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_\Delta=-\int_0^\beta d\tau \sum_{\vec{r}}{\{\frac{1}{g}\Delta^*\Delta + \Delta^*\psi_\uparrow \psi_\downarrow + \Delta\psi^\dagger_\downarrow \psi^\dagger_\uparrow+g\psi^\dagger_\downarrow \psi^\dagger_\uparrow \psi_\uparrow \psi_\downarrow}\}}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align}S=&S_{BCS}+S_{\Delta}\\ =&\int_0^\beta d\tau \sum_{\vec{r}}\{ \psi_\sigma^\dagger(\tau, \vec{r})(\partial _\tau+\epsilon_\vec{p}-\mu)\psi_\sigma^\dagger (\tau, \vec{r}) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \rightarrow S_0 \\ &+\Delta^*(\tau, \vec{r})\psi_\uparrow (\tau, \vec{r})\psi_\downarrow (\tau, \vec{r}) \Delta (\tau, \vec{r})\psi^\dagger_\downarrow (\tau, \vec{r})\psi^\dagger_\uparrow (\tau, \vec{r}) \rightarrow S_{int}\\ &-\frac{1}{g}\Delta^* (\tau, \vec{r})\Delta (\tau, \vec{r}) \} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \rightarrow S_{\Delta} \end{align}}

then, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=\int D[\psi_{\sigma}^{*}(\tau,\mathbf{r}),\psi_{\sigma}(\tau,\mathbf{r})]D[\Delta^{*}(\tau,\mathbf{r}),\Delta(\tau,\mathbf{r})]e^{-(S_{0}+S_{int.}+S_{\Delta})}} .

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left\langle e^{-S_{int.}}\right\rangle _{0}\cong exp[\frac{1}{2}\left\langle S_{int.}^{2}\right\rangle _{0}+\frac{1}{4!}(\left\langle S_{int.}^{4}\right\rangle _{0}-3\left\langle S_{int.}^{2}\right\rangle _{0}^{2})]} by cumulant expansion, which guarantees that until the 2nd order, it is accurate.

Use Matsubara's Method

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi_{\sigma}(\tau,\mathbf{r})=\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\omega_{n}}{\sum}\underset{\mathbf{k}}{\sum}e^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{r}}e^{-i\omega_{n}\tau}\psi_{\sigma}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k}), \omega_{n}=(2n+1)\frac{\pi}{\beta};}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta(\tau,\mathbf{r})=\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\Omega_{n}}{\sum}\underset{\mathbf{k}}{\sum}e^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{r}}e^{-i\Omega_{n}\tau}\Delta_{\mathbf{k}}(i\Omega_{n}), \omega_{n}=2n\frac{\pi}{\beta}.}

Then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{0}=\frac{L^{D}}{\beta}\underset{\omega_{n}}{\sum}\underset{\mathbf{k}}{\sum}[-i\omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-\mu]\psi_{\sigma}^{\dagger}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})\psi_{\sigma}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k}).}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{int.}=\frac{L^{D}}{\beta^{2}}\underset{\omega_{n},\Omega_{n}}{\sum}\underset{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}[\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\psi_{\uparrow}(i\Omega_{n}-i\omega_{n},\mathbf{\mathbf{q}-k})\psi_{\downarrow}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})+\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n})\psi_{\downarrow}^{\dagger}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})\psi_{\uparrow}^{\dagger}(i\Omega_{n}-i\omega_{n},\mathbf{\mathbf{q}-k})].}

The Fourier transform of 1 body Green's function is (Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i=1,2} mean Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbf{r}_{i},\tau_{i}}} ) Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(1-2)=\left\langle \psi(1)\psi^{*}(2)\right\rangle =\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\omega_{n}}{\sum}\frac{1}{L^{D}}\underset{\mathbf{k}}{\sum}e^{-i\omega_{n}(\tau_{1}-\tau_{2})}e^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot(\mathbf{r}_{1}-\mathbf{r}_{2})}\frac{1}{-i\omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-\mu}} ,

so Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G_{\sigma}^{0}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})=\left\langle \psi_{\sigma}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})\psi_{\sigma}^{\dagger}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})\right\rangle _{0}=\frac{\beta}{L^{D}}\frac{1}{-i\omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-\mu}} .

Then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left\langle S_{int.}^{2}\right\rangle _{0}=\frac{2L^{2D}}{\beta^{4}}\underset{\omega_{n},\Omega_{n}}{\sum}\underset{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}[G_{\uparrow}^{0}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})G_{\downarrow}^{0}(i\Omega_{n}-i\omega_{n},\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k})]\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n})=L^{D}\frac{2}{\beta}\underset{\Omega_{n},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}\chi_{p}(\mathbf{q},i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n})} ,

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi_{p}(\mathbf{q},i\Omega_{n})=\frac{L^{D}}{\beta^{3}}\underset{\omega_{n},\mathbf{k}}{\sum}G_{\uparrow}^{0}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})G_{\downarrow}^{0}(i\Omega_{n}-i\omega_{n},\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k})} is called pairing susceptibility.

Let's calculate it:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi_{p}(\mathbf{q},i\Omega_{n})=\frac{L^{D}}{\beta^{3}}\underset{\omega_{n},\mathbf{k}}{\sum}G_{\uparrow}^{0}(i\omega_{n},\mathbf{k})G_{\downarrow}^{0}(i\Omega_{n}-i\omega_{n},\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k})=\frac{1}{L^{D}}\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\omega_{n},\mathbf{k}}{\sum}\frac{-1}{i\omega_{n}-\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}+\mu}\times\frac{1}{i\omega_{n}-i\Omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}-\mu}} ,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Rightarrow=\frac{1}{L^{D}}\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\mathbf{k}}{\sum}\oint_{c}\frac{dz}{2\pi i}\frac{-1}{z-\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}+\mu}\times\frac{1}{z-i\Omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}-\mu}\frac{1}{e^{\beta z}+1}} .

Since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{-1}{z-\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}+\mu}\times\frac{1}{z-i\Omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}-\mu}=\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-2\mu-i\Omega_{n}}[\frac{1}{z-\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}}+\mu}-\frac{1}{z-i\Omega_{n}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}-\mu}]} ,

and change the integral path to

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Rightarrow=-\frac{1}{L^{D}}\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\mathbf{k}}{\sum}\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-2\mu-i\Omega_{n}}[\frac{1}{e^{\beta(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}}-\mu)}+1}-\frac{1}{e^{\beta(-\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}+\mu)}+1}]=\int\frac{d^{D}k}{(2\pi)^{D}}\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}}+\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}}-2\mu-i\Omega_{n}}[1-f(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}})-f(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{q}-\mathbf{k}})].}

In the static (Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Omega_{n}=0} ) and uniform (Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{q}=0} ) limit,Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1-2f(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}})=Tanh[\frac{\beta}{2}(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-\mu)]} .

Then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi_{p}(0,0)=\int\frac{d^{D}k}{(2\pi)^{D}}\frac{Tanh[\frac{\beta}{2}(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-\mu)]}{2(\varepsilon_{\mathbf{k}}-\mu)}} .

In low energy, integrate the energy in the shell near Fermi energy:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Rightarrow\chi_{p}(0,0)\cong N(0)\int_{\hbar\omega_{D}}^{-\hbar\omega_{D}}d\xi\frac{Tanh[\xi\beta/2]}{2\xi}\cong N(0)\int_{0}^{-\hbar\omega_{D}}d\xi\frac{Tanh[\xi\beta/2]}{\xi}=N(0)ln[\frac{2\hbar\omega_{D}e^{\gamma}}{\pi k_{B}T}].}

Then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left\langle S_{int.}^{2}\right\rangle _{0}=L^{D}\frac{1}{\beta}\chi_{p}(0,0)\underset{\Omega_{n},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n})} .

If we ignore the higher order in the cumulant expansion,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}=-\underset{\mathbf{r}}{\sum}\int_{0}^{\beta}d\tau\frac{1}{g}\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n})-\frac{1}{2}\left\langle S_{int.}^{2}\right\rangle _{0}=\underset{\mathbf{r}}{\sum}\int_{0}^{\beta}d\tau[\frac{1}{\left|g\right|}-N(0)ln(\frac{2\hbar\omega_{D}e^{\gamma}}{\pi k_{B}T})]\Delta^{*}(\tau,\mathbf{r})\Delta(\tau,\mathbf{r})} .

Because the partition function Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=\int D\Delta^{*}D\Delta e^{-S_{eff}(\Delta)}} , if we only consider the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} related factors.

The superconductivity phase transition temperature is the temperature makes Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left|g\right|}-N(0)ln(\frac{2\hbar\omega_{D}e^{\gamma}}{\pi k_{B}T})=0} , which is Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{c}=\frac{\hbar\omega_{D}}{k_{B}}\frac{2}{\pi}e^{\gamma}e^{-\frac{1}{N(0)\left|g\right|}}=1.134\frac{\hbar\omega_{D}}{k_{B}}e^{-\frac{1}{N(0)\left|g\right|}}} .

Beyond the critical temperature, the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} related factors in the partition function is just Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1} , the same as no cooper pair, which is normal state; below the critical temperature, the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} related factors in the partition function will diverge, which means superconductivity phase transition.

Finite Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{q}} (small) Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ (\Omega_n=0)}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi_p (q,0)-\chi_p (0,0)=\frac{1}{L^D} \sum_k \frac{1}{\beta} \sum_{i\omega_n}\frac{-1}{i\omega_n-\epsilon_k+\mu}(\frac{1}{i\omega_n+\epsilon_{q-k}-\mu}-\frac{1}{i\omega_n+\epsilon_{-k}-\mu}) }

for small ${\vec {q}}$, $\epsilon _{q-k}=\epsilon _{-k}+q{\frac {\partial \epsilon _{\rho }}{\partial \rho }}|_{\rho =-k}=\epsilon _{\vec {k}}+{\vec {q}}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{-k}=\epsilon _{k}-{\vec {q}}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{k}$

and ${\frac {1}{i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu -q\cdot v_{k}}}={\frac {1}{i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu }}+{\frac {q\cdot v_{k}}{(i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu )^{2}}}+{\frac {(q\cdot v_{k})^{2}}{(i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu )^{3}}}$

Thus,

${\begin{aligned}\chi _{p}(q,0)-\chi _{p}(0,0)&={\frac {1}{L^{D}}}\sum _{k}{\frac {1}{\beta }}\sum _{i\omega _{n}}{\frac {-1}{i\omega _{n}-\epsilon _{k}+\mu }}\left({\frac {q\cdot v_{k}}{(i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu )^{2}}}+{\frac {(q\cdot v_{k})^{2}}{(i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu )^{3}}}+...\right)\\&={\frac {-1}{\beta }}\sum _{i}\omega _{n}\int {\frac {d^{D}k}{(2\pi )^{D}}}{\frac {({\vec {q}}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{k})^{2}}{(i\omega _{n}-\epsilon _{k}+\mu )(i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu )^{3}}}\end{aligned}}$

Consider the states near the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hbar \omega_D} shell near fermi surface, we have

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi_p(q,0)-\chi_p(0,0) =\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{i\omega_n}\int\frac{d\Omega_{F.S.}}{\Omega_D}(q\cdot v_F)^2\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} d\xi N(\xi+\mu)\frac{1}{(\xi-i\omega_n)(\xi+i\omega_n)^3}}

where, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \xi=\epsilon_k-\mu}

and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} d\xi \frac{1}{(\xi-i\omega_n)(\xi+i\omega_n)^3} &=\frac{2\pi i}{(2i\omega_n)^3}\theta(\omega_n)-\frac{2\pi i}{(2i\omega_n)^3}\theta(-\omega_n)\\ &=\frac{2\pi i}{(2i|\omega|)^3} \end{align} }

So,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \chi_p(q,0)-\chi_p(0,0) &=\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{i\omega_n}N(0)\int\frac{d\Omega}{\Omega_D}(q\cdot v_F)^2\frac{2\pi i}{(2i|\omega|)^3}\\ &=N(0)v_F^2|\vec{q}|^2\int\frac{d\Omega}{\Omega_D}(q\cdot v_F)^2 \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{i\omega}\frac{2\pi i}{-i8|\frac{(2n+1)\pi}{\beta}|^3}\\ &=-\frac{1}{4}N(0)v_F^2q^2(<(\hat{q}\cdot \hat{v_F})>_{F.S.})\frac{\beta^2}{\pi^2}(\sum_{N=-\infty}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{|2n+1|^3}) \end{align} }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{N=-\infty}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{|2n+1|^3}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{2}{(2n+1)^3}=\frac{2}{\pi}\frac{7\zeta(3)}{8} }

where, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \zeta(3)} is Riemann zeta function.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle <(\hat{q}\cdot \hat{v}_F)^2>_{F.S.}=\frac{1}{D} }

For spherical F.S. in 3D,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int\frac{d\Omega}{\Omega_D}(\hat{q}\cdot\hat{v}_F)^2=\frac{2\pi}{4\pi}\int_{-1}^{1}dcos\theta cos^2\theta = \frac{1}{3} }

For circular F.S. in 2D,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int\frac{d\Omega}{\Omega_D}(\hat{q}\cdot\hat{v}_F)^2=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}d\theta cos^2\theta = \frac{1}{2} }

Then

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \chi_p(q,0)-\chi_p(0,0) &=-\frac{1}{4}N(0)v_{F}^{2}q^{2}\frac{1}{D}\frac{\beta^{2}}{\pi^{2}}\frac{2}{\pi}\frac{7\zeta(3)}{8} \\ &=-N(0)\frac{7\zeta(3)}{16D\pi^{2}}q^{2}\frac{1}{\pi \hbar^{2}}\left(\frac{\hbar v_{F}}{k_{B}T}\right)^{2} \\ &\equiv-N(0)q^{2}\xi^{2} \end{align} }

So

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \frac{1}{2}\left\langle S_{int.}^{2}\right\rangle _{0}&=L^{D}\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\Omega_{n},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}\chi_{p}(q,0)\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n}) \\ &=N(0)ln[\frac{2\hbar\omega_{D}e^{\gamma}}{\pi k_{B}T}]L^{D}\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\Omega_{n},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n})-L^{D}\frac{1}{\beta}\underset{\Omega_{n},\mathbf{q}}{\sum}N(0)q^{2}\xi^{2}\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}^{*}(i\Omega_{n})\Delta_{\mathbf{q}}(i\Omega_{n}) \end{align} } .

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}=\underset{\mathbf{r}}{\sum}\int_{0}^{\beta}d\tau\left[\left(\frac{1}{\left|g\right|}-N(0)ln(\frac{2\hbar\omega_{D}e^{\gamma}}{\pi k_{B}T})\right)\Delta^{*}(\tau,\mathbf{r})\Delta(\tau,\mathbf{r})-N(0)\xi^{2}(\nabla\cdot\Delta^{*}(\tau,\mathbf{r}))(\nabla\cdot\Delta(\tau,\mathbf{r}))\right]} .

Note that the last term in the expression tells us that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff} } would increase if gradient of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta } is not zero.

Note that the above expression has a one-one correspondant to the Giznburg-Landau functional:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F=\int d^{D}r\left[ \alpha (T-T_{c}) |\Psi(\vec{r})|^{2}+\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m^{*}}|\nabla \Psi(\vec{r})|^{2} \right] } ,

here Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Psi(\vec{r}) } corresponds to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \frac{\Delta(\tau,\vec{r})}{|g|N(0)a_{0}} } in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}} .

Little Parks experiment

Refer to the fig, a thin shell of superconductor with radius R is shown and a small uniform magnetic field is passing through the hollow center of the cylinder. The experiment intends to show the variation of the critical temperature with change of the magnetic field passing through the hollow superconductor cylinder.

Before showing it, we first have to rewrite the Giznburg-Landau functional to make it taken the presence of magnetic field into account. Hamiltonian for a free electron moving in a magnetic field can be written as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}(p+\frac{eA}{c})^{2}\psi + V\psi = E\psi }

The physical observable magnetic field B would remain the same if we choose a different vector potential Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A\rightarrow A+ \nabla \chi } (ie perform gauge transformation). To maintain the same eigen-energy E which is observable, the wave function have to undergo a phase change: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi \rightarrow e^{i\phi}\psi } where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi=\frac{e}{c\hbar}\chi }

Now in our Hamiltonian, the wave function is arranged as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta^{*}(\tau,\vec{r})\psi_\uparrow (\tau,\vec{r})\psi_\downarrow (\tau,\vec{r}) + \Delta(\tau,\vec{r}) \psi_\downarrow^\dagger (\tau,\vec{r})\psi_\uparrow^\dagger (\tau,\vec{r}) }

since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi \rightarrow e^{i\phi}\psi } , so if we want the Hamiltonian to remind the same, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Delta } has to transform as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta \rightarrow e^{-2i\phi}\Delta }

Since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Delta } corresponds to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ \Psi } in the Giznburg-Landau functional, so the Giznburg-Landau functional is modified as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F=\int d^{D}r\left[ \alpha (T-T_{c}) |\Psi(\vec{r})|^{2}+\frac{1}{2m^{*}}| ( \frac{\hbar \nabla}{i} - \frac{2e}{c}A(\vec{r}) ) \Psi(\vec{r})|^{2} \right] }

choose symmetric gauge: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{A}=\frac{1}{2}\vec{H}\times\vec{r}=\frac{1}{2}Hr\hat{\phi} }

In cylindrical coordinate: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{\nabla}=\hat{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \frac{\hat{\phi}}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi} + \hat{z}\frac{\partial}{\partial z} }

define unit flux as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi_{0}=\frac{hc}{2e} }

define fluxoid as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi(R) = \pi HR^{2}\ } , so we have

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} F&=\int d^{D}r\left[ \alpha (T-T_{c})|\Psi(\vec{r})|^{2} +\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m^{*}}| (\frac{1}{R}\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi} - \frac{ie}{\hbar c} HR )\Psi(\vec{r}) |^{2}+ \frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m^{*}}|\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \Psi(\vec{r}) |^{2} \right] \\ &=\int d^{D}r\left[ \alpha (T-T_{c})|\Psi(\vec{r})|^{2} +\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m^{*}R^{2}}| (\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi} - \frac{i\Phi}{\Phi_{0}} )\Psi(\vec{r}) |^{2} \right] \\ \end{align} }

When Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi = N\Phi_{0}\ } , the critical temperature will remain the same and the phase of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi\ } is changed as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi \rightarrow e^{iN\phi} \Psi } . When Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi \neq N\Phi_{0}\ } , the critical temperature is found to vary as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{c}^{new}=T_{c}- \frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m^{*}R^{2}\alpha}\left (N-\frac{\Phi}{\Phi_{0}}\right )^{2}} . See the fig.

Microscopic derivation of the Giznburg-Landau functional

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=Z_{0}< e^{-S_{int}} >}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z_{0}=\int D\psi ^{*} D\psi D\Delta ^{*} D\Delta e^{-(S_{\Delta} +S_{0})}}

we can expand this average for smallFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} nearFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{c}} , for this perpose we can assume asecond order phase transition so that it increases continiously from zero to finite number after Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{c}}

we need to calculate the average of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e^{-s_{int}}} which can be calculated by Tylor expansion:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e^{-S_{int}}=<-S_{int}+\frac{1}{2}S_{int}^{2}-\frac{1}{3}S_{int}^{3}+\frac{1}{4!}S_{int}^{4}+...>}

=Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1-<S_{int}>+\frac{1}{2} < S_{int}^{2}> -\frac{1}{3!}< S_{int}^{2}> +\frac{1}{4!}< S_{int}^{4}> +...}

.......................the odd power terms are zero because Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle <\psi _{\uparrow}(r,\tau )\psi _{\downarrow}(r,\tau ) > =0 }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =e^{\frac{1}{2}< S_{int}^{2}>}e^{\frac{1}{4!}< S_{int}^{4}>-\lambda }}

if we expand these two terms in to the second order the following expression can be got:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (1+\frac{1}{2} < S_{int}^{2}>+\frac{1}{2}(<\frac{1}{2} S_{int}^{2}>)^{2} +...)(1+\frac{1}{4!}< S_{int}^{4}>+...)}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =1+\frac{1}{2} < S_{int}^{2}>+\frac{1}{8}(< S_{int}^{2}>)^{2} +...)+\frac{1}{4!}< S_{int}^{4}>-\lambda +...}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda} can be choosed in such a way .......

so, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda =\frac{1}{8}< S_{int}^{2}> ^{2} }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =e^{\frac{1}{2} < S_{int}^{2}>+\frac{1}{4!}(< S_{int}^{4}>-3<S_{int}^{2}>^{2})+...}}

according to the expression we got before:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{int}=\frac{L^{D}}{\beta ^{2}}\sum_{\omega _{n},\Omega _{n}}\sum _{k,q}[\Delta ^{*}_{q}(i\Omega _{n})\psi_{\downarrow}(i\Omega _{n}-i\omega _{n}),\vec{q}-\vec{k})\psi_{\uparrow}(i\omega _{n},k)+\Delta _{q}(i\Omega_{n})\psi_{\uparrow}^{\dagger }(i\omega _{n},k)\psi_{\downarrow}^{\dagger }(i\Omega _{n}-i\omega _{n}),\vec{q}-\vec{k})]}

let's write $S_{int}$ in terems od $a$ for simplification. where

$a=\int \Delta ^{*}(1)\psi _{\downarrow }(1)\psi _{\uparrow }(1)+\Delta (1)\psi _{\downarrow }^{*}(1)\psi _{\uparrow }^{*}(1)$

$a_{1}$ is a couple grassman number, so we do not need to be worry about the sign when these terms comute with other terms.

$<S_{int}^{4}>=\int _{1234}<(a_{1}^{*}+a_{1})(a_{2}^{*}+a_{2})(a_{3}^{*}+a_{3})(a_{4}^{*}+a_{4})>$

$=(<a_{1}^{*}a_{2}^{*}a_{3}a_{4}>+<a_{1}^{*}a_{2}a_{3}^{*}a_{4}>+<a_{1}^{*}a_{2}a_{3}a_{4}^{*}>+<a_{1}a_{2}^{*}a_{3}^{*}a_{4}>+<a_{1}a_{2}^{*}a_{3}a_{4}^{*}>)$

$=6<a_{1}^{*}a_{2}^{*}a_{3}a_{4}>=6\int _{1234}\Delta ^{*}(1)\Delta ^{*}(2)\Delta (3)\Delta (4)<\psi _{\downarrow }(1)\psi _{\uparrow }(1)\psi _{\downarrow }(2)\psi _{\uparrow }(2)\psi _{\downarrow }^{*}(3)\psi _{\uparrow }^{*}(3)\psi _{\downarrow }^{*}(4)\psi _{\uparrow }^{*}(4)>$

$3<S_{int}^{2}>^{2}=3\int _{1,2}2<a_{1}^{*}a_{2}>\int _{3,4}2<a_{3}^{*}a_{4}>=12\int _{1,2,3,4}\Delta ^{*}(1)\Delta ^{*}(2)\Delta (3)\Delta (4)<\psi _{\downarrow }(1)\psi _{\uparrow }(1)\psi _{\uparrow }^{*}(3)\psi _{\downarrow }^{*}(3)><\psi _{\downarrow }(2)\psi _{\uparrow }(2)\psi _{\uparrow }^{*}(4)\psi _{\downarrow }^{*}(4)>$

$-2G(2-3)G(2-4)G(1-4)G(1-3)=-12\int _{1,2,3,4}\Delta ^{*}(1)\Delta _{*}(2)\Delta (3)\Delta (4)G(2-3)G(2-4)G(1-4)G(1-3)$

Recall

$G(2-3)=<\psi (r_{2},\tau _{2})\psi ^{*}(r_{3},\tau _{3})>={\frac {1}{\beta }}\sum _{\omega _{n}}{\frac {1}{L^{D}}}\sum _{k}e^{-i\omega _{n}(\tau _{2}-\tau _{3})}e^{ik.(r_{2}-r_{3})}{\frac {1}{-i\omega _{n}+\epsilon _{k}-\mu }}$

see the solution which are $\tau$independent

${\frac {1}{\beta ^{4}}}\sum _{\omega _{{n}_{1}}}...\sum _{\omega _{{n}_{4}}}\int _{0}^{\beta }{d\tau _{1}}\int _{0}^{\beta }{d\tau _{2}}\int _{0}^{\beta }{d\tau _{3}}\int _{0}^{\beta }{d\tau _{4}}e^{-i\omega _{{n}_{1}}(\tau _{1}-\tau _{3})}e^{-i\omega _{{n}_{2}}(\tau _{1}-\tau _{4})}e^{-i\omega _{{n}_{3}}(\tau _{2}-\tau _{3})}e^{-i\omega _{{n}_{4}}(\tau _{2}-\tau _{4})}G(i\omega _{{n}_{1}},r_{1}-r_{3})G(i\omega _{{n}_{2}},r_{1}-r_{4})G(i\omega _{{n}_{3}},r_{2}-r_{3})G(i\omega _{{n}_{4}},r_{2}-r_{4})$

after getting integration over $\tau _{1}$ we will get $\beta \delta (\omega _{n_{1}},-\omega _{n_{2}})$ and similarly by getting integration over $\tau _{2}$ we have $\beta \delta (\omega _{n_{3}},-\omega _{n_{4}})$

So, the final result can be written: $\sum _{i\omega _{n}}G(i\omega _{n},r_{1}-r_{3}G(-i\omega _{n},r_{2}-r_{3})G(-i\omega _{n},r_{1}-r_{4})G(i\omega _{n},r_{2}-r_{4})$

Now, we wish to perform gradiant expansion:

$\Delta ^{\ast }(1)=\Delta ^{\ast }({\frac {r_{1}+r_{4}}{2}}+{\frac {r_{1}-r_{4}}{2}})=\Delta ^{\ast }({\frac {r_{1}+r_{4}}{2}})+({\frac {r_{1}-r_{4}}{2}})\nabla \Delta ^{\ast }({\frac {r_{1}+r_{4}}{2}})+...$

$\Delta ^{\ast }(2)=\Delta ^{\ast }({\frac {r_{2}+r_{3}}{2}}+{\frac {r_{2}-r_{3}}{2}})=\Delta ^{\ast }({\frac {r_{2}+r_{3}}{2}})+({\frac {r_{2}-r_{3}}{2}})\nabla \Delta ^{\ast }({\frac {r_{2}+r_{3}}{2}})+...$ $-12\int d^{D}R_{1,4}d^{D}R_{2,3}d^{D}\mu _{1,4}d^{D}\mu _{2,3}\Delta ^{\ast }(R_{1,4})\Delta ^{\ast }(R_{2,3})\Delta (R_{2,3})\Delta (R_{1,4})\sum _{\omega _{n}}G(i\omega _{n},R_{1,4}-R_{2,3}+{\frac {1}{2}}(\mu _{1,4}+\mu _{2,3}))$

where:

$R={\frac {1}{2}}(R_{1,4}+R_{2,3})$

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu =R_{1,4}-R_{2,3} }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r_{1}-r_{3}=\frac{1}{2}(\mu _{1,4}+\mu_{2,3})+\mu}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r_{2}-r_{4}=\frac{1}{2}(\mu _{1,4}+\mu_{2,3})-\mu}

Starting from the microscopic model, we found that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z\backsimeq Z_{0}\int D\Delta*D\Delta e^{-S_{eff}} } , where the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 4^{th}} order in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} , and keeping only quadratic qradient terms, we have:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}=\frac{1}{k_{B}T}\sum_{r}\left[\underset{A}{\underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{|g|}-N(0)In\left[\frac{2\hbar\omega_{D}e^{\gamma_{E}}}{\pi k_{B}T}\right]\right)}}|\Delta(r)|^{2}+N(0)\xi^{2}(\nabla\Delta*(r)).(\nabla\Delta(r))+\frac{1}{2}\underset{B}{\underbrace{\frac{7\zeta(3)N(0)}{8\pi^{2}k_{B}^{2}T^{2}}}}|\Delta(r)|^{4}\right]}

We can use this expression to make quantitative experimental predictions. The path integral over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} is still imposible to carry out exactly, despite our approximations for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}} , because Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}} contains quartic terms in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} and so we are not dealing with a Gaussian integral. The approximation strategy whic we will pursue is called saddle point approxiation, which in our contetxt means that we will expand teh integrand about a solution which minimizes S_{eff} with respect to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} . What we end up doing is replacing Z with

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z\sim Z_{0}e^{-S_{eff}[\Delta_{min}]}}
,
where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{min}}
 is determined fromFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  \left|\frac{\delta S_{eff}}{\delta\Delta^{*}}\right|_{\Delta=\Delta_{min}}=0}
 

At this point, let's seek uniform solutions to their equations, in whcih case we can drop the gradient terms in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}}  : Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_{eff}}{\delta\Delta^{*}}=\frac{L^{D}}{k_{B}T}\left(A\Delta+B\Delta\Delta^{*}\Delta\right)} where: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A=\frac{1}{|g|}-N(0)ln\left(\frac{\hbar\omega_{D}}{k_{B}T}\frac{2e\gamma}{\pi}\right)} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B=\frac{7\zeta(3)}{8\pi}\frac{N(0)}{k_{B}^{2}T^{2}}} Note that for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T>T_{C}\qquad A>0,B>0}

and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T<T\qquad A<0,B>0}

So Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A\Delta_{min}+B\Delta_{min}^{3}=0}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{min}=0,\: T>T_{C}}

and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{min}=\sqrt{\frac{-A}{B}},\: T<T_{C} So, S_{eff}[\Delta_{min}]=\frac{L^{D}}{k_{B}T}\left(A\Delta_{min}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}B\Delta_{min}^{4}\right)}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T>T_{C},\quad S_{eff}[\Delta_{min}]=0T<T_{C},\quad S_{eff}[\Delta_{min}]=\left(A\frac{-A}{B}+\frac{1}{2}B\frac{A^{2}}{B^{2}}\right)\frac{L^{D}}{k_{B}T}=\frac{-A^{2}}{2B}\frac{L^{D}}{k_{B}T}}

Since, we now have the approximate expression for the partition function we can calculate thermodynamic physical properties. the one we will focus on is the specific heat. Recall that, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=e^{-\beta F}=\sum_{n}e^{-\beta E_{n}}\Longrightarrow<E>=\frac{1}{Z}\sum_{n}E_{n}e^{-\beta E_{n}}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial\beta}lnZ =-\frac{\partial}{\partial\beta}lne^{-\beta F}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\beta}\left(\beta F\right)=F+\beta\frac{\partial F}{\partial\beta}}

Effects of an applied magnetic field; Type I and Type II superconductivity

Derivation of the Ginzburg-Landau equations

Our starting point will be the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) free energy in the presence of an external magnetic field,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F=\int d^d \vec{r} \left [\alpha(T-T_c)|\Psi(\vec{r})|^2+\tfrac{1}{2}b|\Psi(\vec{r})|^4+\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\left |\left (\nabla-i\frac{2e}{\hbar c}\vec{A}(\vec{r})\right )\Psi(\vec{r})\right |^2+\frac{1}{8\pi}(\nabla\times\vec{A}(\vec{r}))^2-\frac{1}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}(\vec{r})\cdot\vec{A}(\vec{r})\right ],}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{A}} is the total vector potential and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{J}_{\text{ext}}} is an external current density, assumed to be controlled experimentally. This current satisfies

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla\times\vec{H}=\frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}},}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{H}} is the external magnetic field. The expression is the sum of the energy due to the superconducting order parameter, with the magnetic field introduced via the gauge invariance argument given above, the energy of the magnetic field alone, and the work done by the superconductor to maintain the external current at a constant value.

Let us first derive the "saddle point" equations satisfied by the magnetic field in the normal state. In this case, we set Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi} to zero everywhere and set

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left. \frac{\delta F}{\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r})}\right |_{\vec{A}=\vec{A}_\text{min}}=0.}

We will find this derivative by first finding the variation Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F} in the free energy for this case, which is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F=\int d^d \vec{r}' \left [\frac{1}{4\pi}(\nabla\times\vec{A}(\vec{r}'))\cdot(\nabla\times\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}'))-\frac{1}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}(\vec{r}')\cdot\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right ],}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\vec{A}} is a small variation in the vector potential; we assume that it vanishes on the "surface" of our system. We now transform the first term using the identity,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\nabla\times\vec{A})\cdot(\nabla\times\vec{B})=\nabla\cdot[\vec{A}\times(\nabla\times\vec{B})]+\vec{A}\cdot[\nabla\times(\nabla\times\vec{B})],}

obtaining

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F=\int d^d \vec{r}' \left [\frac{1}{4\pi}\nabla\cdot[\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\times(\nabla\times\vec{A}(\vec{r}'))]+\frac{1}{4\pi}\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\cdot[\nabla\times(\nabla\times\vec{A}(\vec{r}'))]-\frac{1}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}(\vec{r}')\cdot\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right ].}

The first term is a "surface" term; since we assumed that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\vec{A}} vanishes everywhere on the "surface", we are left with just

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F=\int d^d \vec{r} \left [\frac{1}{4\pi}[\nabla\times(\nabla\times\vec{A}(\vec{r}'))]-\frac{1}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}(\vec{r}')\right ]\cdot\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}').}

We conclude that the variational derivative that we are interested in is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta F}{\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r})}=\frac{1}{4\pi}[\nabla\times(\nabla\times\vec{A}(\vec{r}'))]-\frac{1}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}(\vec{r}').}

At the "saddle point", this derivative is zero, so we obtain the equation,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla\times(\nabla\times\vec{A})=\frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}.}

We may introduce the total magnetic field Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{B}=\nabla\times\vec{A}} , thus obtaining

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla\times\vec{B}=\frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}.}

Comparing this to the definition of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{J}_{\text{ext}}} given above, we conclude that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{B}=\vec{H}} in the normal state. In reality, this will only be approximately true due to para- or diamagnetic effects in the metal, but these effects will be small in comparison to those due to superconductivity, which we will now derive.

First, we will apply the "saddle point" condition for the superconducting order parameter, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi} , which is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left. \frac{\delta F}{\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r})}\right |_{\Psi=\Psi_{\text{min}}}=0.}

Again, we start by finding the variation in the free energy in terms of a small variation Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\Psi^{*}} in the order parameter:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F=\int d^d \vec{r}' \left [\alpha(T-T_c)\Psi(\vec{r}')\,\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')+b|\Psi(\vec{r}')|^2\Psi(\vec{r}')\,\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')-\frac{e}{mc}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\cdot\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r}')\,\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')-\frac{1}{2m}\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')\cdot\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r}')\right ]}

The last term is equal to

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -\frac{1}{2m}\left\{\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla\cdot\left [\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r}')\,\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')\right ]-\left [\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla\cdot\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r} ')\right ]\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')\right\}.}

The second term in this expression is a "surface" term. If we assume that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\Psi^{*}} is zero on the "surface", then this term vanishes, leaving us with

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F=\int d^d \vec{r}' \left\{\alpha(T-T_c)\Psi(\vec{r}')+b|\Psi(\vec{r}')|^2\Psi(\vec{r}')-\frac{e}{mc}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\cdot\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r}')+\frac{1}{2m}\left [\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla\cdot\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r}')\right ]\right\}\delta\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}').}

We can now immediately write down the variational derivative, which, upon being set to zero, gives us the first GL equation,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}\right )^2\Psi+\alpha(T-T_c)\Psi+b|\Psi|^2\Psi=0.}

We also need to minimize the free energy with respect to the magnetic field. We have already done this for the normal case, and there is only one more term that we need to consider in the superconducting case; we will therefore only treat this term. We can quickly write down the variation in the superconducting part of the free energy Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_{SC}} , which is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta F_{SC}=i\frac{e\hbar}{mc}\int d^d \vec{r}' \left [\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')\left (\nabla-i\frac{2e}{\hbar c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi(\vec{r}')-\Psi(\vec{r}')\left (\nabla+i\frac{2e}{\hbar c}\vec{A}(\vec{r}')\right )\Psi^{*}(\vec{r}')\right ]\cdot\delta\vec{A}(\vec{r}').}

Combining this result with the previous result for the normal metal, we obtain the second GL equation,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi}\nabla\times(\nabla\times\vec{A})-\frac{1}{c}\vec{J}_{\text{ext}}-\frac{e}{mc}\left (\Psi^{*}\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla\Psi-\Psi\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla\Psi^{*}\right )+\frac{4e^2}{mc^2}|\Psi|^2\vec{A}=0,}

or, introducing ${\vec {B}}$ and ${\vec {H}}$,

${\frac {e}{m}}\left(\Psi ^{*}{\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla \Psi -\Psi {\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla \Psi ^{*}\right)-{\frac {4e^{2}}{mc}}|\Psi |^{2}{\vec {A}}={\frac {c}{4\pi }}\nabla \times ({\vec {B}}-{\vec {H}}).$

Given the definition of ${\vec {H}}$ and the Maxwell equation (assuming static fields),

$\nabla \times {\vec {B}}={\frac {4\pi }{c}}{\vec {J}},$

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{J}} is the total current density, we conclude that the left-hand side of this equation is the current density induced inside the superconductor.

Let us now suppose that we do not assume that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\Psi^{*}} vanishes on the surface. It may then be shown that the following boundary condition holds on the surface (see P. G. de Gennes, Superconductivity in Metals and Alloys):

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hat{n}\cdot\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}\right )\Psi=\frac{i\hbar}{b_{dG}}\Psi.}

This relation holds for a superconductor-metal interface; for a superconductor-insulator interface, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b_{dG}\rightarrow\infty} . We may show that this condition implies that the normal component of the current density on the surface vanishes. If we multiply the above condition by Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi^{*}} on both sides, we obtain

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hat{n}\cdot\Psi^{*}\left (\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}\right )\Psi=\frac{i\hbar}{b_{dG}}\Psi^{*}\Psi.}

Taking the complex conjugate of both sides gives us

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hat{n}\cdot\Psi\left (-\frac{\hbar}{i}\nabla-\frac{2e}{c}\vec{A}\right )\Psi^{*}=-\frac{i\hbar}{b_{dG}}\Psi^{*}\Psi.}

Adding these two equations together gives us

${\hat {n}}\cdot \left[\left(\Psi ^{*}{\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla \Psi -\Psi {\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla \Psi ^{*}\right)-{\frac {4e}{c}}|\Psi |^{2}{\vec {A}}\right]=0.$

The left-hand side is proportional to the normal component of the current density inside the superconductor.

The GL Equations in Dimensionless Form

We will find it convenient to introduce dimensionless variables when working with the GL equations. We start by introducing a dimensionless order parameter, $\psi ={\frac {\Psi }{\Psi _{0}}}$, where

$\Psi _{0}^{2}={\frac {\alpha (T_{c}-T)}{b}}.$

We may rewrite the first GL equation in terms of this parameter as

${\frac {1}{2mb\Psi _{0}^{2}}}\left({\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla -{\frac {2e}{c}}{\vec {A}}\right)^{2}\psi -(\left|\psi \right|^{2}-1)\psi =0,$

and the second as

${\frac {e\Psi _{0}^{2}}{mc}}\left(\psi ^{\ast }{\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla \psi -\psi {\frac {\hbar }{i}}\nabla \psi ^{\ast }\right)-{\frac {4e^{2}\Psi _{0}^{2}}{mc^{2}}}\left|\psi \right|^{2}{\vec {A}}={\frac {1}{4\pi }}\nabla \times [\nabla \times ({\vec {A}}-{\vec {A}}_{0})],$

where we re-introduced ${\vec {A}}$ into the right-hand side and also introduced ${\vec {A}}_{0}$, defined as

${\vec {H}}=\nabla \times {\vec {A}}_{0}.$

Next, we introduce a dimensionless position vector,

${\tilde {r}}={\frac {1}{\lambda }}{\vec {r}},$

where $\lambda ={\sqrt {\frac {mc^{2}}{16\pi e^{2}\Psi _{0}^{2}}}}$ is known as the penetration depth of the superconductor; we will see where this name comes from shortly. In terms of this vector, the first GL equation becomes

$\left({\frac {1}{\Psi _{0}\lambda {\sqrt {2mb}}}}{\frac {\hbar }{i}}{\tilde {\nabla }}-{\frac {1}{\Psi _{0}{\sqrt {2mb}}}}{\frac {2e}{c}}{\vec {A}}\right)^{2}\psi +(\left|\psi \right|^{2}-1)\psi =0$

and the second becomes

${\frac {4\pi e\lambda \Psi _{0}^{2}}{mc}}\left(\psi ^{\ast }{\frac {\hbar }{i}}{\tilde {\nabla }}\psi -\psi {\frac {\hbar }{i}}{\tilde {\nabla }}\psi ^{\ast }\right)-\left|\psi \right|^{2}{\vec {A}}={\tilde {\nabla }}\times [{\tilde {\nabla }}\times ({\vec {A}}-{\vec {A}}_{0})].$

Finally, we introduce a dimensionless vector potential,

${\tilde {A}}={\frac {1}{\Psi _{0}{\sqrt {2mb}}}}{\frac {2e}{c}}{\vec {A}}$

and the dimensionless parameter,

$\kappa ={\frac {\Psi _{0}\lambda {\sqrt {2mb}}}{\hbar }}.$

In terms of these, the first GL equation becomes

$\left(-{\frac {i}{\kappa }}{\tilde {\nabla }}-{\tilde {A}}\right)^{2}\psi +(\left|\psi \right|^{2}-1)\psi =0$

and the second becomes

${\frac {1}{2\kappa }}\left(\psi ^{\ast }{\frac {\tilde {\nabla }}{i}}\psi -\psi {\frac {\tilde {\nabla }}{i}}\psi ^{\ast }\right)-\left|\psi \right|^{2}{\vec {A}}={\tilde {\nabla }}\times [{\tilde {\nabla }}\times ({\tilde {A}}-{\tilde {A}}_{0})].$

We see that our theory has a dimensionless parameter in it, namely $\kappa$, which is known as the Ginzburg-Landau parameter. We may write this parameter as

$\kappa ={\frac {\lambda {\sqrt {2m\alpha (T_{c}-T)}}}{\hbar }}={\frac {\lambda }{\xi _{\text{GL}}}},$

where

$\xi _{\text{GL}}={\frac {\hbar }{2m\alpha (T_{c}-T)}}$

is the GL coherence length. This tells us that $\kappa$ is the ratio of two length scales associated with the superconductor, namely the scale over which the order parameter "heals" (the coherence length $\xi _{\text{GL}}$) and that over which the magnetic field dies out (the penetration depth $\lambda$, as we will demonstrate shortly). It also turns out that this parameter decides what type of superconductor we are dealing with. If $\kappa <{\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}$, then we have a Type I superconductor, while, if $\kappa >{\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}$, then we have a Type II superconductor.

We may now find the value of this parameter in the microscopic model we considered earlier. In that case, we found that

${\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}=N(\mu )\xi ^{2}=N(\mu ){\frac {7\zeta (3)}{16\pi ^{2}d}}l_{T}^{2},$

where $N(\mu )$ is the density of states at the Fermi level, $\xi$ is the coherence length, $d$ is the number of dimensions that we are working in, and $l_{T}$ is the thermal wavelength. We will state the result for $d=3$. Given that

$l_{T}={\frac {\hbar v_{F}}{k_{B}T}}$

and that, in this case,

$N(\mu )={\frac {1}{2\pi ^{2}}}{\frac {mk_{F}}{\hbar ^{2}}},$

we find that

$\kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {18\pi ^{3}}{7\zeta (3)}}}{\frac {k_{B}T_{c}}{{\sqrt {mc^{2}}}{\sqrt {e^{2}k_{F}}}}}\left({\frac {c}{v_{F}}}\right)^{2}.$

Note that we set $T=T_{c}$ in the expression for $l_{T}$; this is because the GL theory is only valid just below the transition temperature. We may also express this in terms of the Fermi energy,

$E_{F}={\frac {p_{F}^{2}}{2m}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}p_{F}v_{F}.$

Doing so, we obtain

$\kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {18\pi ^{3}}{7\zeta (3)}}}{\frac {k_{B}T_{c}}{{\sqrt {mc^{2}}}{\sqrt {\alpha }}{\sqrt {2E_{F}}}}}\left({\frac {c}{v_{F}}}\right)^{3/2}=8\times 10^{-6}\cdot {\frac {T_{c}\,[{\text{K}}]}{\sqrt {E_{F}\,[{\text{eV}}]}}}\left({\frac {c}{v_{F}}}\right)^{3/2}.$

In a typical metal, $v_{F}\approx 10^{5}-10^{6}\,{\tfrac {\text{m}}{\text{s}}},$ so

$\kappa =(0.04-1.3)\cdot {\frac {T_{c}\,[{\text{K}}]}{\sqrt {E_{F}\,[{\text{eV}}]}}}.$

A Simple Example - The Strongly Type-I Superconductor

As a simple demonstration of the solution of the GL equations, let us consider a strongly Type I ($\kappa \ll 1$) superconductor with a planar boundary between it and an insulator. Let us set up our coordinate system so that the boundary is at $x=0$.

We apply a magnetic field along the $z$ axis,

${\vec {H}}=H{\hat {z}}.$

We expect by symmetry that the total magnetic field ${\vec {B}}=B(x){\hat {z}}$. We will choose our gauge such that

${\vec {A}}=A_{y}(x){\hat {y}}.$

We also take the order parameter to depend only on $x$. The first GL equation becomes

$-{\frac {1}{\kappa ^{2}}}{\frac {d^{2}\psi }{d{\tilde {x}}^{2}}}+A_{y}^{2}\psi -\psi +\psi ^{3}=0.$

Since we are taking $\kappa$ to be small, the derivative term dominates, and we may therefore approximate this equation as

${\frac {d^{2}\psi }{d{\tilde {x}}^{2}}}=0,$

so that $\psi ({\tilde {x}})=c_{1}+c_{2}{\tilde {x}}$. Our boundary condition states that

$\left.{\frac {1}{i\kappa }}{\frac {d\psi }{d{\tilde {x}}}}\right|_{{\tilde {x}}=0}=0,$

so that $c_{2}=0$. Since $\Psi =\Psi _{0}$ in the bulk, we conclude that $\psi ({\tilde {x}})=1$ for ${\tilde {x}}<0$. Similarly, $\Psi =0$ deep into the insulating region, so that $\psi ({\tilde {x}})=0$ for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{x}>0} .

Now we consider the second equation. In this case, it becomes, for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{x}<0} ,

$-{\tilde {A}}={\tilde {\nabla }}\times ({\tilde {B}}-{\tilde {H}})={\tilde {\nabla }}\times {\tilde {B}},$

or

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -\tilde{B}=\tilde{\nabla}\times(\tilde{\nabla}\times\tilde{B}).}

The right-hand side is just

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{\nabla}\times(\tilde{\nabla}\times\tilde{B})=-\frac{d^2\tilde{B}}{d\tilde{x}^2},}

so that the equation is now

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{d^2\tilde{B}}{d\tilde{x}^2}=\tilde{B}.}

The solution to the equation in simply Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{B}(\tilde{x})=\tilde{B}_{+}e^{\tilde{x}}+\tilde{B}_{-}e^{-\tilde{x}}} , or, in terms of dimensional quantities,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B(x)=B_{+}e^{x/\lambda}+B_{-}e^{-x/\lambda}.}

Since our superconductor is in the region Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x<0} , we must take Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B_{-}=0} . Furthermore, the field must equal the applied field at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x=0} , so

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B(x)=He^{x/\lambda}.}

For Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x>0} , the second GL equation becomes

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{d^2\tilde{B}}{d\tilde{x}^2}=0.}

The solution, in terms of dimensional quantities, is Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B(x)=B_0+B_1 x} . We must set Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B_1=0} so that the field does not increase indefinitely as we move away from the superconductor. Since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{B}=\vec{H}} in the normal state, we conclude that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B(x)=H} for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x>0} .

We have now shown why we called Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda} the penetration depth; it sets the length scale over which the magnetic field tends to zero inside the superconductor. We have also illustrated the expulsion of applied magnetic fields from the interior of a Type I superconductor; this is known as the Meissner effect.

Thermodynamics of Type-I Superconductors in Magnetic Fields

In a bulk superconductor, surface effects are unimportant; for now, we will assume that the order parameter Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi} is constant everywhere in the superconductor and that magnetic fields are completely expelled. In this case, the free energy per unit volume of the superconductor is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_s=\alpha(T-T_c)\Psi_0^2+\tfrac{1}{2}b\Psi_0^4=-\frac{\alpha^2}{2b}(T-T_c)^2.}

Going below $T_{c}$ with the Saddle Point Approximation

So, previously all of this work has shown us the behavious of a superconducting system near Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_c} only. If we want to go into lower temperatures, we will have to make a careful saddle-point approximation, following Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS). Once again, we can start from our microscopic 'toy' Hamiltonian, and gain useful information.

Recall that the partition function can be written,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{Z} = \int{d\Delta^* d\Delta} \left[ \int{D\psi^* D\psi \ e^{-S_{BCS} - S_{\Delta}}} \right] }

Where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{\Delta} = \frac{-1}{g} \int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau} \int{d^3r}\Delta^*(\vec{r},\tau) \Delta(\vec{r},\tau) }

and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS} = S_0 + S_{int} \;\; \text{where} \;\; S_0 = \int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau}\int{d^3r}\left[ \psi_{\sigma}^*(\vec{r},\tau) \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau} + \epsilon_p - \mu \right) \psi_{\sigma}(\vec{r},\tau) \right] } Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text{and} \;\; S_{int} = \int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau}\int{d^3r} \left[\Delta^*(\vec{r},\tau)\psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau) \psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau) + \Delta(\vec{r},\tau)\psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r}.\tau) \right]}

Previously, we used a cumulant expansion around Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T = T_c} to find the Ginzburg-Landau equations, along with the assumption that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} was small. Now, if we throw away this assumption, pray that fluctuations are small, and that there is only one saddle point, we will be able to successfully describe the superconducting state deep below Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_c} by demanding:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\partial S_{eff}[\Delta]}{\partial \Delta*} = 0 }

Self-Consistency Equation

The solution of this functional derivative equation will give the value of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta = \Delta_{sp}} at the saddle point (and also the self-consistency equation for this mean-field theory.)

To that end:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}[\Delta] = S_{\Delta} - \ln \left( \int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}}\right) }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\partial S_{\Delta}}{\partial \Delta^*(\vec{r},\tau)} = \frac{-\Delta(\vec{r},\tau)}{g}}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\partial \left[ -\ln\left(\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}}\right) \right] }{\partial \Delta^*(\vec{r},\tau)} = \frac{-1}{\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}}} \int{D\psi D\psi*} \frac{\partial e^{-S_{BCS}}}{\partial \Delta^*} = \frac{\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}} \frac{\partial S_{BCS}}{\partial \Delta^*}}{\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}}} }

and, since

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\partial S_{BCS}}{\partial \Delta^*} = \psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau) \psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau)}

We arrive at

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\partial \left[ -\ln\left(\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}}\right) \right] }{\partial \Delta^*(\vec{r},\tau)} = \frac{\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}} \psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau) \psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau)}{\int{D\psi D\psi^*} \;\; e^{-S_{BCS}}} = \langle \psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau) \psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\rangle_{BCS} }

So that, from the saddle-point condition, we find the Self-Consistency Equation:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  \frac{\Delta_{sp}(\vec{r},\tau)}{g} = \langle\psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau) \psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\rangle_{BCS} }

This contains the same information as the Ginzburg-Landau equations, but also more, as we can now go far below Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_c} . Evaluation of this cam be done formally, but is difficult and not terribly enlightening. Instead, we will search for a solution in which <math\psi</math> is independent of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{r}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tau} , similar to our solution near $T_{c}<math>.Inthiscase,wealsoexpectthat<math>\Delta$ will be independent of ${\vec {r}}$ and $\tau$.

First, it is useful to write down the action in momentum and frequency space, before evaluating the correlator.

Start with $\psi ({\vec {r}},\tau )={\frac {1}{\beta }}\sum _{\omega _{n}}\sum _{\vec {k}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {V}}}e^{i{\vec {k}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}\psi _{k}(i\omega _{n})$

For the three terms in $S_{BCS}$, we have:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_0 = \int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau}\int{d^3r}\left[ \psi_{\sigma}^*(\vec{r},\tau) \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau} + \epsilon - \mu \right) \psi_{\sigma}(\vec{r},\tau) \right] }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = \frac{1}{V}\sum_{\vec{k},\vec{k'}} \frac{1}{\beta^2}\sum_{\omega_n,\nu_m}\int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau}\int{d^3r}e^{i\nu_{m}\tau}e^{-i\vec{k'}\cdot\vec{r}} \left(-i\omega_n + \epsilon_p - \mu \right) e^{-i\omega_n\tau}e^{i\vec{k}\cdot\vec{r}}\psi_{\sigma,\vec{k'}}^*(i\nu_m)\psi_{\sigma, \vec{k}}(i\omega_n)}

The integral over all space give Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V \delta_{\vec{k},\vec{k'}}} , and the integral over imaginary time gives a factor of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta \delta(\omega_n - \nu_m)} , so that we find

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_0 = \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\sum_{\vec{k}} \psi_{\sigma, \vec{k}}^*(i\omega_n)\left( -i\omega_n + \epsilon_p - \mu \right)\psi_{\sigma,\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) }

Now, for the 2nd (pairing) term:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta^*\int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau} \int{d^3r} \psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau) \psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau) = \Delta^* \frac{1}{V}\sum_{\vec{k},\vec{k'}} \frac{1}{\beta^2}\sum_{\omega_n,\nu_m}\int_{0}^{\beta}{d\tau}\int{d^3r} e^{-i(\nu_m + \omega_n)\tau) e^{i(\vec{k} + \vec{k'})\cdot\vec{r}} \psi_\downarrow,\vec{k'}}(i\nu_m) \psi_{\uparrow,\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) }

This time, the integral over real space gives Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V \delta(\vec{k}+\vec{k'})} , and the integral over imaginary time gives a factor of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta \delta(\omega_n + \nu_m)} , so the 2nd term becomes:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = \frac{\Delta^*}{\beta}\sum_{\vec{k}}\sum_{\omega_n}\psi_{\downarrow,\vec{k}}(i\omega_n)\psi_{\uparrow,-\vec{k}}(-i\omega_n)}

The hermitian conjugate of the above (the 3rd term in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS}} ) gives

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \;\; \frac{\Delta}{\beta}\sum_{\vec{k}}\sum_{\omega_n}\psi_{\uparrow,-\vec{k}}^*(-i\omega_n)\psi_{\downarrow,\vec{k}}^*(i\omega_n)}

So that, for the entire Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS}} , we have found:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS} = \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\sum_{\vec{k}}\left[ \left( i\omega_n + \epsilon_{-\vec{k}} - \mu \right)\psi_{\uparrow, -\vec{k}}^*(-i\omega_n)\psi_{\uparrow,-\vec{k}}(-i\omega_n) + \left( -i\omega_n + \epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \mu \right)\psi_{\downarrow, \vec{k}}^*(i\omega_n)\psi_{\downarrow,\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) \right] }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle + \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\sum_{\vec{k}}\left[ \Delta^*\psi_{\downarrow,\vec{k}}(i\omega_n)\psi_{\uparrow,-\vec{k}}(-i\omega_n) + \Delta\psi_{\uparrow,-\vec{k}}^*(-i\omega_n)\psi_{\downarrow,\vec{k}}^*(i\omega_n) \right] }

Now, to evaluate the Gaussian integrals in the correlator, it is extremely beneficial to write Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS}} like a matrix. To this end, we construct the so-called Nambu Spinors:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) = \begin{pmatrix} \psi_{-\vec{k},\uparrow}(-i\omega_n) \\ \psi^*_{\vec{k},\downarrow}(i\omega_n) \end{pmatrix} }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi^*_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) = \begin{pmatrix} \psi^*_{-\vec{k},\uparrow}(-i\omega_n) & \psi^*_{\vec{k},\downarrow}(i\omega_n) \end{pmatrix} }

So now, we can write the BCS action as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{BCS} = \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_N}\sum_{\vec{k}}\Psi^*_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) \begin{pmatrix} i\omega_n + \epsilon_{-\vec{k}} - \mu & \Delta \\ \Delta^* & i\omega_n - \epsilon_{\vec{k}} + \mu \end{pmatrix} \Psi_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n) }

Now, we can examine the correlator we found on the right-hand-side of the self-consistency equation:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle \psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\rangle = \frac{1}{\beta^2 V}\sum_{\omega_n,\nu_m}e^{-i(\omega_n + \nu_M)\tau} \sum_{\vec{k},\vec{k'}} e^{i(\vec{k} + \vec{k'})\cdot\vec{r}}\langle \psi_{\vec{k},\downarrow}(i\omega_n) \psi_{\vec{k'},\uparrow}(i\nu_m) \rangle }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = \frac{1}{\beta^2 V}\sum_{\omega_n,\nu_m}e^{-i(\omega_n + \nu_M)\tau} \sum_{\vec{k},\vec{k'}} e^{i(\vec{k} + \vec{k'})\cdot\vec{r}} \langle \Psi^*_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n)_2 \Psi_{-\vec{k'}}(-i\nu_m)_1 \rangle }

So, we need to write down a generic matrix for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle \Psi^*_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n)_{\mu} \Psi_{-\vec{k'}}(-i\nu_m)_{\lambda} \rangle} , and take element Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (2,1) } for our result. The gaussian integrals require that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{k} = -\vec{k'}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i\omega_n = -i\nu_m } for convergence. Using our technology from last semester, we can show that:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle \Psi^*_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n)_{\mu} \Psi_{-\vec{k'}}(-i\nu_m)_{\lambda} \rangle = \delta(\vec{k} + \vec{k'})\beta \delta(\omega_n + \nu_m) \left[ \begin{pmatrix} i\omega_n + \epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \mu & \Delta \\ \Delta^* & i\omega_n - \epsilon_{\vec{k}} + \mu \end{pmatrix}^{-1} \right]_{\mu\lambda} }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi^*_{\vec{k}}(i\omega_n)_2 \Psi_{-\vec{k'}}(-i\nu_m)_1 \rangle = \delta(\vec{k} + \vec{k'})\beta \delta(\omega_n + \nu_m)\frac{\Delta}{-\omega_n^2 - (\epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \mu)^2 - \Delta^* \Delta } }

Now, we can easily write down the correlator:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle \psi_{\downarrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(\vec{r},\tau)\rangle = \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\frac{1}{V}\sum_{\vec{k}}\frac{\Delta}{-\omega_n^2 - (\epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \mu)^2 - \Delta^* \Delta } }

This reshapes our consistency equation to:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\Delta}{g} = \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\frac{1}{V}\sum_{\vec{k}}\frac{\Delta}{-\omega_n^2 - (\epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \mu)^2 - \Delta^* \Delta } }

Which has a trivial, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta = 0 } solution, and far more interesting solution where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{g} = \frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\frac{1}{V}\sum_{\vec{k}}\frac{1}{-\omega_n^2 - (\epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \mu)^2 - |\Delta|^2 } }

Note that this is only possible if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g < 0 } !

Beyond saddle-point approximation, collective modes and response in the broken symmetry state

Recall we can write our partition function as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=\int D\Delta^*D\Delta e^{-S_{eff}[\Delta]}}

or

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=\int D(\Re e\Delta)D(\Im m\Delta)e^{-S_{eff}[\Re e\Delta,\Im m\Delta]}}

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}[\Delta]=\frac{1}{|g|}\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^Dr\left[(\Re e\Delta(r,\tau))^2+(\Im m\Delta(r,\tau))^2\right]-\ln\left[\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}\right]}

and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} S_0&=\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^Dr \psi^*(r,\tau)(\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}+\epsilon_p-\mu)\psi(r,\tau)\\ S_{int}&=\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^Dr(\Delta^*(r,\tau)\psi_\downarrow(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\Delta(r,\tau)\psi^*_\uparrow(r,\tau)\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)) \end{align}}

We can rewrite the interaction term in the action as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{int}=\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^Dr\left[\Re e(\Delta(r,\tau))(\psi_{\downarrow}\psi_{\uparrow}+\psi_{\uparrow}^*\psi_{\downarrow}^*)(r,\tau)+i*\Im m(\Delta(r,\tau))(\psi_{\uparrow}^*\psi_{\downarrow}^*-\psi_{\downarrow}\psi_{\uparrow})(r,\tau)\right]}

Consider now functional derivatives of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}[\Delta]} :

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_{eff}[\Delta]}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}=\frac{2}{|g|}\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)-\frac{1}{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}} \int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}\left(-\frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}\right) }

The functional derivative of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{int}} with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Re e\Delta(r,\tau)} is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}=\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\psi_{\uparrow}^*(r,\tau)\psi_{\downarrow}^*(r,\tau)}

Therefore, we have

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_{eff}[\Delta]}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}=\frac{2}{|g|}\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)+\langle\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\psi_{\uparrow}^*(r,\tau)\psi_{\downarrow}^*(r,\tau)\rangle\ \ (1)}

Similarly

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_{eff}[\Delta]}{\delta \Im m\Delta(r,\tau)}=\frac{2}{|g|}\Im m\Delta(r,\tau)+i\langle\psi_{\uparrow}^*(r,\tau)\psi_{\downarrow}^*(r,\tau)-\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\rangle\ \ (2)}

If we were to set the LHS of the above two equations to zero, we would obtain our self-consistency conditions.

The strategy is to take

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}[\Delta(r,\tau)]=S_{eff}\left[\Delta_{sp}+(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\right]}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{sp}} solves (1) and (2) with LHS set to zero and expand in powers of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp}} . So

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &S_{eff}[\Delta_{sp}+(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})]\\ &=S_{eff}[\Delta_{sp}]+\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^3r\Re e(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\frac{\delta S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}|_{\Delta_{sp}}+\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^3r\Im m(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\frac{\delta S_{eff}}{\delta\Im m\Delta(r,\tau)}|_{\Delta_{sp}}\\ &+\frac{1}{2}\int_0^\beta d\tau\int_0^\beta d\tau'\int d^3r\int d^3r'\Re e(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\Re e(\Delta(r',\tau')-\Delta_{sp})\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}|_{\Delta_{sp}}\\ &+\frac{1}{2}\int_0^\beta d\tau\int_0^\beta d\tau'\int d^3r\int d^3r'\Im m(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\Im m(\Delta(r',\tau')-\Delta_{sp})\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Im m\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Im m\Delta(r',\tau')}|_{\Delta_{sp}}\\ &+\int_0^\beta d\tau\int_0^\beta d\tau'\int d^3r\int d^3r'\Re e(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\Im m(\Delta(r',\tau')-\Delta_{sp})\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Im m\Delta(r',\tau')}|_{\Delta_{sp}}+... \end{align}}

Since by definition of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{sp}} we have

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}|_{\Delta_{sp}}=\frac{\delta S_{eff}}{\delta\Im m\Delta(r,\tau)}|_{\Delta_{sp}}=0}

So only the 0th and 2nd order terms contribute. The 0th order term gave us the condensation energy, and the 2nd order term will give us information about collective modes (in the broken symmetry phase).

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}\\ &=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')+\frac{\delta}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}\left[\frac{1}{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}}\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}\left(\frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}\right)\right]\\ &=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')-\frac{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}\left(\frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}\right)\left(\frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}\right)}{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}}\\ &+\left(\frac{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}\left(\frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r,\tau)}\right)}{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}}\right)\left(\frac{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}\left(\frac{\delta S_{int}}{\delta \Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}\right)}{\int D\psi^*D\psi e^{-S_0-S_{int}}}\right) \end{align}}

So

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')\\ &-\langle\left(\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\right)\left(\psi_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\psi_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\right)\rangle_{S_0+S_{int}}\\ &+\langle\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\rangle\langle\psi_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\psi_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\rangle_{S_0+S_{int}} \end{align}}

i.e.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')\\ &-\langle\left(\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\right)\left(\psi_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\psi_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\right)\rangle_{S_0+S_{int}}^{\mbox{con}} \end{align}}

Similarly,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Im m\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Im m\Delta(r',\tau')}=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')\\ &+\langle\left(\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)-\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\right)\left(\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')-\psi_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\psi_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')\right)\rangle_{S_0+S_{int}}^{\mbox{con}} \end{align}}

And

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\delta^2 S_{eff}}{\delta\Im m\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}=-i\langle\left(\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)-\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)\right)\left(\psi_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\psi_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')+\psi^*_{\uparrow}(r',\tau')\psi^*_{\downarrow}(r',\tau')\right)\rangle_{S_0+S_{int}}^{\mbox{con}} }

If we evaluate these functional derivatives at the saddle point Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{sp}} we have

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} S_0+S_{int}&\rightarrow\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^3r\sum_{\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow}\psi^*_\sigma(r,\tau)\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}+\epsilon_p-\mu\right)\psi_{\sigma}(r,\tau)\\ &+\Delta_{sp}\int_0^\beta d\tau\int d^3r\left(\psi_{\downarrow}(r,\tau)\psi_{\uparrow}(r,\tau)+\psi_{\uparrow}^*(r,\tau)\psi_{\downarrow}^*(r,\tau)\right) \end{align}}

where we take the saddle point solution Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{sp}} to be purely real. Arranging the Grassman fields into the Nambu spinor we have:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\psi^*_{\uparrow}\ \psi_\downarrow)\left(\begin{align}&\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}+\epsilon_p-\mu&\Delta_{sp}\\ &\Delta_{sp}&\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}-\epsilon_p+\mu\end{align}\right) \left(\begin{align}&\psi_\uparrow\\&\psi^*_\downarrow\end{align}\right)}

where the Nambu spinor is defined as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Psi=\left(\begin{align}&\psi_\uparrow\\&\psi^*_\downarrow\end{align}\right)}

So

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\psi^*_\uparrow\psi^*_\downarrow+\psi_\downarrow\psi_\uparrow=\Psi^*\left(\begin{align}&0&1\\&1&0\end{align}\right)\Psi =\Psi^*\sigma_x\Psi\\ &\psi^*_\uparrow\psi^*_\downarrow-\psi_\downarrow\psi_\uparrow=\Psi^*\left(\begin{align}&0&1\\-&1&0\end{align}\right)\Psi =\Psi^*i\sigma_y\Psi \end{align}}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \frac{\delta^2S_{eff}}{\delta\Re e\Delta(r,\tau)\delta\Re e\Delta(r',\tau')}|_{\Delta_{sp}}&=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')-\langle\Psi^*(r,\tau)\sigma_x\Psi(r,\tau)\Psi^*(r',\tau')\sigma_x\Psi(r',\tau')\rangle^{\mbox{con}}\\ &=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')+\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_xG(r-r',\tau-\tau')\sigma_xG(r'-r,\tau'-\tau)\right] \end{align}}

where the Green's functions are 2*2 matrices,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G^{-1}_k(i\omega_n)=\left(\begin{align}&-i\omega_n+\epsilon_k-\mu&\Delta_{sp}\\&\Delta_{sp}&-i\omega_n-\epsilon_k+\mu\end{align}\right)}

Notice that this is a function of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tau-\tau'} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r-r'} . Let's call it Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Pi_{++}(r-r',\tau-\tau')} . This will give rise to

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\frac{1}{2}\int_0^\beta d\tau\int_0^\beta d\tau'\int d^3r\int d^3r'\Re e(\Delta(r,\tau)-\Delta_{sp})\Pi_{++}(r-r',\tau-\tau')\Re e(\Delta(r',\tau')-\Delta_{sp})\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^\beta d\tau\int_0^\beta d\tau'\int d^3r\int d^3r'\delta\Delta_+(r,\tau)\Pi_{++}(r-r',\tau-\tau')\delta\Delta_+(r',\tau') \end{align}}

Fourier transforming we find the contribution to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{eff}}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\Omega_n}\sum_{q}\delta\Delta_+(-q,-i\Omega_n)\Pi_{++}(q,i\Omega_n)\delta\Delta_+(q,i\Omega_n)}

Similarly

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \Pi_{--}(r-r',\tau-\tau')&=\frac{2}{|g|}\delta(\tau-\tau')\delta(r-r')+\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_yG(r-r',\tau-\tau')\sigma_yG(r'-r,\tau'-\tau)\right]\\ \Pi_{-+}(r-r',\tau-\tau')&=\langle\Psi^*\sigma_y\Psi(r,\tau)\Psi^*\sigma_x\Psi(r',\tau')\rangle^{\mbox{con}}=-\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_yG(r-r',\tau-\tau')\sigma_xG(r'-r,\tau'-\tau)\right] \end{align}}

Then

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &S_{eff}[\Delta]\approx S_{eff}[\Delta_{sp}]+\\ &\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\Omega_n}\sum_q\left[\delta\Delta_+(-q,-i\Omega_n)\Pi_{++}(q,i\Omega_n)\delta\Delta_+(q,i\Omega_n)+\delta\Delta_-(-q,-i\Omega_n)\Pi_{--}(q,i\Omega_n)\delta\Delta_-(q,i\Omega_n)\right.\\ &\left.+2\delta\Delta_-(-q,-i\Omega_n)\Pi_{-+}(q,i\Omega_n)\delta\Delta_+(q,i\Omega_n)\right]+... \end{align}}

To proceed with the evaluation of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Pi} 's, note that

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &G^{-1}_k(i\omega_n)=-i\omega_n\mathbb{I}+(\epsilon_k-\mu)\sigma_3+\Delta_{sp}\sigma_1\\ \Rightarrow&G_k(i\omega_n)=\frac{i\omega_n\mathbb{I}+(\epsilon_k-\mu)\sigma_3+\Delta_{sp}\sigma_1}{\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2} \end{align}}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \omega_n=\frac{(2n+1)\pi}{\beta}} . After Fourier transform,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \Pi_{++}(q,i\Omega_n&=\frac{2}{|g|}+\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_1G_{k+q}(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)\sigma_1G_k(i\omega_n)\right]\\ \Pi_{--}(q,i\Omega_n&=\frac{2}{|g|}+\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_2G_{k+q}(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)\sigma_2G_k(i\omega_n)\right]\\ \Pi_{-+}(q,i\Omega_n&=-\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_2G_{k+q}(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)\sigma_1G_k(i\omega_n)\right]\\ \end{align}}

Consider now

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_{1,2}\frac{(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)\mathbb{I}+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)\sigma_3+\Delta_{sp}\sigma_1}{(\omega_n+\Omega_n)^2+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2}\sigma_{1,2}\frac{i\omega_n\mathbb{I}+(\epsilon_k-\mu)\sigma_3+\Delta_{sp}\sigma_1}{\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2}\right]\\ =&2\frac{(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)i\omega_n-(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)(\epsilon_k-\mu)\pm\Delta^2_{sp}}{\left[(\omega_n+\Omega_n)^2+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2\right]\left[\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2\right]} \end{align}}

and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} &\mbox{Tr}\left[\sigma_{2}\frac{(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)\mathbb{I}+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)\sigma_3+\Delta_{sp}\sigma_1}{(\omega_n+\Omega_n)^2+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2}\sigma_{1}\frac{i\omega_n\mathbb{I}+(\epsilon_k-\mu)\sigma_3+\Delta_{sp}\sigma_1}{\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2}\right]\\ =&\frac{(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)(\epsilon_k-\mu)\mbox{Tr}[\sigma_2\sigma_1\sigma_3]+i\omega_n(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)\mbox{Tr}[\sigma_2\sigma_3\sigma_1]}{\left[(\omega_n+\Omega_n)^2+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2\right]\left[\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2\right]}\\ =&\frac{(i\omega_n+i\Omega_n)(\epsilon_k-\mu)(-2i)+i\omega_n(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)2i}{\left[(\omega_n+\Omega_n)^2+(\epsilon_{k+q}-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2\right]\left[\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2\right]} \end{align}}

Now, note that at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle q=0,\Omega_n=0} ,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Pi_{-+}(0,0)=0}

because the numerator vanishes for all Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \omega_n} . Also note that by self-consistency condition

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \Pi_{--}(0,0)&=\frac{2}{|g|}-\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}2\frac{1}{[\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2]}\\ &=\frac{2}{|g|}+2\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\frac{1}{(i\omega_n-E_k)(i\omega_n+E_k)}\\ &=\frac{2}{|g|}+2\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\left(\frac{n_F(E_k)}{2E_k}-\frac{n_F(-E_k)}{2E_k}\right)\\ &=2\left(\frac{1}{|g|}-\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1-2n_F(E_k)}{2E_k}\right)\\ &=0 \end{align}}

However,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \Pi_{++}(0,0)&=\frac{2}{|g|}+\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}2\frac{-\omega_n^2-(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2}{[\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2]^2}\\ &=4\Delta_{sp}^2\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{[\omega_n^2+(\epsilon_k-\mu)^2+\Delta_{sp}^2]^2}\\ &=4\Delta_{sp}^2N_0\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{d\xi}{[\xi^2+\omega_n^2+\Delta_{sp}^2]^2}\\ &=4\Delta_{sp}^2N_0\frac{1}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}\frac{\pi}{2}\frac{1}{(\omega_n^2+\Delta_{sp}^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\\ &=2\pi N_0\Delta_{sp}^2\frac{1}{\pi^3T^2}\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty\frac{1}{[(2n+1)^2+(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{\pi T})^2]^{\frac{3}{2}}} \end{align}}

This sum is slowly convergent. To evaluate it efficiently, we note that

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^{\frac{3}{2}}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\int_0^\infty d\lambda\sqrt{\lambda}e^{-\lambda a}\ \ \mbox{for }a>0}

So

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty\frac{1}{[(2n+1)^2+(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{\pi T})^2]^\frac{3}{2}}&=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}} \int_0^\infty d\lambda\sqrt{\lambda}e^{-\lambda(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{\pi T})^2}\left(\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{-\lambda(2n+1)^2}\right)\\ &=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}} \int_0^\infty d\lambda\sqrt{\lambda}e^{-\lambda(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{\pi T})^2}\Theta_2(0,e^{-4\lambda})\\ &=\frac{1}{4\sqrt{\pi}} \int_0^\infty d\xi\sqrt{\xi}e^{-\xi(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{2\pi T})^2}\Theta_2(0,e^{-\xi}) \end{align}}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Theta_2} is Jacobi elliptic theta function. Then

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \Pi_{++}(0,0)&=2\pi N_0\Delta^2_{sp}\frac{1}{\pi^3T^2}\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty\frac{1}{[(2n+1)^2+(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{\pi T})^2]^\frac{3}{2}}\\ &=2N_0\Phi(\frac{\Delta_{sp}}{2\pi T}) \end{align}}

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi(x)=x^2\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}\int_0^\infty d\xi\sqrt{\xi}e^{-\xi x^2}\Theta_2(0,e^{-\xi})}

Note that

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Pi_{++}(0,0)\rightarrow 2N_0\frac{7\zeta(3)}{4\pi^2T^2}\Delta^2_{sp}}

as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{sp}\rightarrow 0} , i.e. as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T\rightarrow T_C} .

That is precisely the curvature of the new minimum in the Ginzburg-Landau free energy we found before. So, at 2nd order our effective action corresponds to the action for two real free bosons, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\Delta_+} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\Delta_-} . At Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle q=0, i\Omega_n=0} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta\Delta_+} mode is gapped (massive), but $\delta \Delta _{-}$ mode is not gapped (massless). Physically, $\delta \Delta _{+}$ corresponds to the fluctuations of the order parameter amplitude (because we chose $\Delta _{sp}$ to be real).

Recall our discussion from many-body course:

Amplitude fluctuations are not hydrodynamic modes since they do not correspond to either conserved or to broken symmetry variable. We have to extend our approach to higher order in $\delta \Delta _{\pm }$ to describe its (rapid) decay.

$\delta \Delta _{-}$ corresponds to fluctuations along the direction of the minimum of the double well potential, where there is no barrier. It corresponds to (part of) a "phase" mode.

To determine the kinematics (of our collective modes) we need to expand $\Pi _{\mu \nu }(q,i\Omega _{n})$ in powers of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{q}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Omega_n} . Our small expansion parameters are

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Omega_n \ll \Delta_{sp}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle q \ll \frac{\Delta_{sp}}{\hbar v_F}}

(Obviously Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle q \ll k_F} )

Start with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Pi_{++}}  : What we need is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Pi_{++}(q, i\Omega_n) - \Pi_{++}(0, 0)}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = \frac{2}{\beta}\sum_{\omega_n}{\int{\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\left[\frac{1}{\omega_n^2 + E_k^2}\right]}}}